Characteristics of viral shedding in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 during difference stages

Viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 is a continuous dynamic process, which can be divided into latent stage, initial stage, peak stage and decreasing stage according to the characteristics of viral shedding. After being infected with SARS-CoV-2, the infected person generally stays in the latent period for 1-3 days, which is characterized by continuous negative nucleic acid test results and no infectiousness, and the risk of infection for close contacts is very low. At the initial stage of viral shedding is characterized by a rapid decline in the Ct value of nucleic acid tests in a short time, and clinical symptoms gradually appear. The infectiousness of the infected person gradually increases during this period, and the risk of infection for close contacts also gradually increases, but it is still in the early stage of infection, the possibility of viral shedding is low, and the risk of infection of secondary close contacts is low. The peak of viral shedding is characterized by low Ct value in nucleic acid test and obvious clinical symptoms;during this period, the infected person is the most infectious, and the risk of infection of the contact is the highest, so the scope of close contacts should be expanded appropriately. The decreasing period is characterized by the gradual increase of Ct value of nucleic acid test and the gradual disappearance of clinical symptoms;during this period, the infectiousness of the infected person gradually decreases to disappear. In an outbreak, an infected person in the decreasing phase is more likely to be an early infected person in the transmission chain. If infected individuals in the decreasing phase are found in an area without a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, it suggests that the local outbreak epidemic has been spreading for some time and may be larger in scale. According to the characteristics of viral shedding, risk personnel can be determined more scientifically and accurately, so as to minimize the risk and reduce the waste of epidemic prevention resources.

Accessibility and Utilization of Telehealth Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medicare Beneficiaries by Diabetes Status.

Due to the influence types of telehealth services (i.e., phone and/or video) can have on patient care and outcomes, we sought to examine factors associated with the types of telehealth services offered and used among Medicare beneficiaries. We analyzed the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey COVID-19 Public Use File (N = 1,403 and N = 2,218 for individuals with and without diabetes, respectively) and performed multinomial logit models to examine factors (e.g., sociodemographics, comorbidities, digital access/knowledge) associated with types of telehealth services offered and used among beneficiaries aged ≥65 years by diabetes status. Medicare beneficiaries seemed to prefer using telehealth via phone than video. Regardless of diabetes status, having not previously participated in video or voice calls or conferencing can be a barrier to telehealth being offered and used via video for beneficiaries. For older adults with diabetes, disparities in accessibility of telehealth via video by income and languages spoken other than English were observed. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 16(3), 134-146.].

mRNA cancer vaccines: Advances, trends and challenges.

Patients exhibit good tolerance to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, and the choice of encoded molecules is flexible and diverse. These vaccines can be engineered to express full-length antigens containing multiple epitopes without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction, are relatively easy to control and can be rapidly mass produced. In 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine produced by Pfizer and BioNTech, which has generated enthusiasm for mRNA vaccine research and development. Based on the above characteristics and the development of mRNA vaccines, mRNA cancer vaccines have become a research hotspot and have undergone rapid development, especially in the last five years. This review analyzes the advances in mRNA cancer vaccines from various perspectives, including the selection and expression of antigens/targets, the application of vectors and adjuvants, different administration routes, and preclinical evaluation, to reflect the trends and challenges associated with these vaccines.

The impact of nurses' sense of security on turnover intention during the normalization of COVID-19 epidemic: The mediating role of work engagement.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has entered a normal stage in China. During this phase, nurses have an increased workload and mental health issues that threaten the sense of security. Poor sense of security may have a considerable impact on turnover intention through low work engagement. It was challenging to maintain the nurse workforce. Fewer studies have been conducted on the effect of nurses' sense of security on their turnover intention in that phase. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationship between nurses' sense of security, work engagement, and turnover intention during the normalization phase of the epidemic in China and to explore the impact of sense of security on turnover intention. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2020 to May 2021 in Guangdong Province, China. Data were collected online using Sense of Security Scale for Medical Staff (SSS-MS), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and Turnover Intention Scale. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between sense of security, work engagement, and turnover intention. The hypothesis model used multiple linear regression models and the bootstrapping procedure to analyze the relationship between these variables. Results: Data were collected from 2,480 nurses who met the inclusion criteria. Over half(64.5%) of nurses had a high and very high turnover intention. After controlling the demographic and working variables, sense of security (ß = 0.291, P < 0.001) had a direct positive effect on work engagement. Sense of security (ß = -0.447, P < 0.001) and work engagement (ß = -0.484, P < 0.001) had a direct negative effect on turnover intention. Sense of security and all of its components were associated with turnover intention through the partially mediating effects of work engagement. Conclusions: Nurses' turnover intention was at a high level during the normalization phase of the epidemic. Sense of security and its components act as positive resources to reduce turnover intention by improving work engagement. Policy makers and managers may pay attention to the needs of nurses' sense of security, which may be a new perspective to help managers reduce their turnover intention and stabilize the nurse team.

The relationship between perceived organizational support and insomnia in Chinese nurses: The Serial multiple mediation analysis.

Background: Nurses are in high-pressure, high-load, and high-risk environment for a long time, and their insomnia cannot be ignored. Insomnia not only has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of nurses, but also on the efficiency and quality of nursing work. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiple mediating effect of psychological capital, effort-reward ratio, and overcommitment in the relationship between perceived organizational support and insomnia among Chinese nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been carried out in a tertiary grade A hospital in Shandong Province, China from March 2021 to May 2021. The demographic questionnaire, Perceived Organization Support Questionnaire, Psychological Capital Questionnaire, Chinese version Effort-Reward Imbalance, Questionnaire and Athens Insomnia Scale were used for data collection. SPSS PROCESS 3.4 macro program developed by Hayes was used to test the serial multiple mediation. Descriptive analysis, independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analyses, ordinary least-squares regression, and the bootstrap method were used for data analysis. Results: 658 valid questionnaires were collected (81.2%). Nurses' perceived organizational support was positively correlated with psychological capital (r = 0.455, p < 0.001), and was significantly negatively correlated with effort-reward ratio (r = -0.318, p < 0.001), overcommitment (r = -0.328, p < 0.001), and insomnia (r = -0.358, p < 0.001); Psychological capital was negatively correlated with effort-reward ratio (r = -0.275, p < 0.001), overcommitment (r = -0.339, p < 0.001), and insomnia (r = -0.402, p < 0.001), respectively; effort-reward ratio and overcommitment were significantly positively correlated with insomnia (r = 0.379, p < 0.001; r = 0.466, p < 0.001), respectively. In the model of perceived organizational support-psychological capital-effort-reward ratio-insomnia, the overall mediating effect was -0.080 (95%CI: -0.109 ~ -0.058), and the mediating effect of psychological capital was -0.050, accounting for 34.30% of the total effect; the mediating effect of effort-reward ratio was -0.024, accounting for 16.49% of the total effect; the chain mediating effect of psychological capital and effort-reward ratio was -0.007, accounting for 4.49% of the total effect. In the model of perceived organizational support-psychological capital-overcommitment-insomnia, the overall mediating effect was -0.085 (95%CI: -0.109 ~ -0.064), and the mediating effect of psychological capital was -0.042, accounting for 28.64% of the total effect; the mediating effect of overcommitment was -0.029, accounting for 19.81% of the total effect; the chain mediating effect of psychological capital and overcommitment was -0.015, accounting for 10.14% of the total effect. Conclusion: Perceived organizational support had direct negative influence on insomnia. Psychological capital and effort-reward ratio/overcommitment acted as chained mediating factor could partially relieve insomnia symptoms related to perceived organizational support. It is suggested to improve the level of organizational support and psychological capital of nurses, and reduce the effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment of nurses, so as to effectively decline and deal with nurses' insomnia.

Factors Influencing Students' Career Intentions in the Hospitality and Tourism Industries: A Meta-Analysis.

This study adopted a meta-analysis to generalize and compare the effect of influencing factors on hospitality and tourism management students' career intentions from 34 studies. After 13 existing factors were classified into four categories, the results revealed that 11 of them significantly impact students' career intentions. In general, the influences of social identity and self-perception are more important, followed by school education and work conditions. A subgroup analysis further identified the sample students' grades as dynamics that partially moderate some of the influencing factors, while no statistical changes in the relative influences were observed after the COVID-19 outbreak. Finally, suggestions are provided for hospitality and tourism management education and industries.

Current status of research on host traceability of SARS-CoV-2

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the first global pandemic of coronaviruses in human history. As a community of shared future for mankind, all countries should unite to fight against the pandemic and overcome the difficulties together. At present, the study of tracing the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still in progress, and current researches suggest that bats and pangolins could be potential natural hosts, while many other kinds of mammals such as non-human primates, cats, ferrets and hamsters may act as potential intermediate hosts, which play a significant role in the emergence and outbreak of the pandemic.

Healthy outcomes of patients with COVID-19 two years after the infection: a prospective cohort study.

The long-term effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rarely known. This study aimed to investigate healthy outcomes of COVID-19 survivors up to 2 years after the infection. A total of 155 COVID-19 patients, who were discharged from Shenzhen Third People's Hospital from February 2020 to April 2020, were enrolled and followed up until March 4, 2022. COVID-19 survivors received questionnaires of long COVID symptoms and psychological symptoms, pulmonary function tests, chest computed tomography (CT) scans and routine laboratory tests. Two years after infection, 36.6% of patients had at least one symptom of long COVID. Vision impairment and fatigue were the most common symptom. 35.0% of participants still had at least one psychological symptom of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and sleep difficulties. Radiographic abnormalities were presented in 50.7% of patients, with the most common features of fibrosis-like lesions and residual ground-glass opacity. Diffuse dysfunction (24.0%) was the main abnormalities of pulmonary function tests. Most laboratory parameters returned to normal range, while persistent abnormalities in kidney and liver function test were observed in a subset of participants after discharge. Two years after COVID-19 infection, persistent symptoms of long COVID and psychological symptoms, as well as abnormalities in pulmonary function tests and CT, were still common in a subset of recovering individuals. These findings were limited by the lack of a healthy control group and pre-COVID assessments, which should be confirmed by further large-scale studies.

Acceptability of a parent-focused program for physical literacy development among parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

Background: A 3-month parent education program was designed and implemented in Hong Kong to improve physical literacy (PL) among primary school children and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to probe into the acceptability of the intervention from parental perspectives, providing more insights for future implementation. Methods: Following the 3-month parent-focused PL program, 16 parents (mean age = 43.73 years, 15 mothers) were recruited to participate in semi-structured individual interviews in June 2021. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo 12. Two coders analyzed interview transcripts deductively based on the interview guide and social cognitive theory (SCT). Results: Three themes were identified that captured the acceptability of the program: (1) Addressing needs through appropriate delivery enhances acceptability of intervention; (2) Positive behavioral and psychological changes to families; (3) Appropriate support of environmental factors can enhance the sustainability of program effects. The high levels of acceptability were attributable to the fact that parents were able to learn and be a gatekeeper to impact their children positively. Moreover, the design and contents of the program were appropriate for the participating parents because the program provided adequate learning resources and interactive learning support without being overly rigid, and the online learning mode was feasible and convenient. Consequent to their participation in the program, parents expressed that they became more aware of the importance of PL, established physical activity routines with their children, and modified their parenting styles which resulted in improved parent-child relationships. Conclusions: The current study provided evidence that engaging parents in the intervention was feasible and acceptable approach in supporting both parents and children to establish physically active routines in the family setting. The insights gained regarding the appropriateness and acceptability of the program in this specific context may be used to inform the design, implementation and sustainability of other parent-focused PL programs.

Anxiety and depression in dry eye patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mental state investigation and influencing factor analysis.

Objective: Investigate the anxiety and depression states among dry eye (DE) patients during the COVID-19 outbreak and analyze their influence factors. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary eye hospital in Tianjin, China from March-April 2021. Four hundred twenty-eight DE patients were tested with the Ocular Surface Disease Index, Short Healthy Anxiety Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the difference between DE with depression or anxiety among different groups. And multiple linear regression was used to explore factors that influence anxiety and depression in DE patients. Results: The incidence rates of anxiety and depression among DE patients during COVID-19 were 27.34 and 26.87%, respectively. The proportion with comorbid anxiety and depression was 24.30%. Patients' education level (t = -3.001, P < 0.05; t = -3.631, P < 0.05), course of disease (t = 2.341, P < 0.05; t = 2.444, P < 0.05), health anxiety (t = 3.015, P < 0.05; t = 2.731, P < 0.05), and subjective sleep quality (t = 3.610, P < 0.05; t = 4.203, P < 0.05) had certain influences on anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The results showed that subjective symptoms of DE patients were related to depression and anxiety. Higher education, shorter disease duration, lower health anxiety levels, and better subjective sleep quality were associated with the reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms in DE patients. These findings could be deemed beneficial to the treatment and prevention of DE during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Design of 3D-Printed Electronic Fiber Optic Sensor to Detect Rhodamine B Reagent: An Initiation to Potential Virus Detection.

A fluorescence device based on ultraviolet light is proposed in this paper, which currently stands at the design stage with the eventual aim to potentially detect virus/antibody fluorescence reactions. The designed device is proposed to have the characteristics of high reflectivity, low power consumption, wide spectrum of light source, and proper silver coating. For fabrication and raising product quality, 3D printing technology and a sputtering test will be used. In this connection, this paper firstly introduces the design sources; then, the ideas of inventing fluorescence detection devices based on ultraviolet light, followed by the data analysis as well as discussing the results of computer simulations. The design process, materials, methods, and experiments are demonstrated following the reality work procedure. Instead of directly using a virus or antibodies for the experiment, at the current design stage, we focus on using this device to detect the rhodamine B reagent. Experiment shows that this reagent can be successfully detected. With this achievement, we logically believe that such type of an ultraviolet optical sensor, with further development and testing, may have the possible value to detect a single virus such as COVID-19, as well as other viruses or small molecules. Though there is long way to go to achieve such a goal, future works experimenting with the detection device on real virus or antibodies can take place more efficiently with a good foundation.

Clinical status of patients 1 year after hospital discharge following recovery from COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The long-term clinical status of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in recovered patients remains largely unknown. This prospective cohort study evaluated clinical status of COVID-19 and explored the associated risk factors. METHODS: At the outpatient visit, patients underwent routine blood tests, physical examinations, pulmonary function tests, 6-min walk test, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) of the chest, and extrapulmonary organ function tests. RESULTS: 230 patients were analyzed. Half (52.7%) reported at least one symptom, most commonly fatigue (20.3%) and sleep difficulties (15.8%). Anxiety (8.2%), depression (11.3%), post-traumatic symptoms (10.3%), and sleep disorders (26.3%) were also reported. Diffusion impairments were found in 35.4% of the patients. Abnormal chest CT scans were present in 63.5% of the patients, mainly reticulation and ground-glass opacities. Further, a persistent decline in kidney function was observed after discharge. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies of IgA, IgG, and IgM were positive in 56.4%, 96.3%, and 15.2% of patients, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression showed that disease severity, age, and sex were closely related to patient recovery. CONCLUSIONS: One year after hospital discharge, patients recovered from COVID-19 continued to experience both pulmonary and extrapulmonary dysfunction. While paying attention to pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, follow-up studies on extrapulmonary manifestations should be strengthened.

Hydrogen-oxygen therapy alleviates clinical symptoms in twelve patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A retrospective study of medical records.

ABSTRACT: A global public health crisis caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) leads to considerable morbidity and mortality, which bring great challenge to respiratory medicine. Hydrogen-oxygen therapy contributes to treat severe respiratory diseases and improve lung functions, yet there is no information to support the clinical use of this therapy in the COVID-19 pneumonia.A retrospective study of medical records was carried out in Shishou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei, China. COVID-19 patients (aged ≥ 30 years) admitted to the hospital from January 29 to March 20, 2020 were subjected to control group (n = 12) who received routine therapy and case group (n = 12) who received additional hydrogen-oxygen therapy. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients were analyzed. The physiological and biochemical indexes, including immune inflammation indicators, electrolytes, myocardial enzyme profile, and functions of liver and kidney, were examined and investigated before and after hydrogen-oxygen therapy.The results showed significant decreases in the neutrophil percentage and the concentration and abnormal proportion of C-reactive protein in COVID-19 patients received additional hydrogen-oxygen therapy.This novel therapeutic may alleviate clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients by suppressing inflammation responses.

Pulmonary Sequelae in Patients After Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Follow-Up Study With Chest CT.

Objective: The pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not been comprehensively evaluated. We performed a follow-up study analyzing chest computed tomography (CT) findings of COVID-19 patients at 3 and 6 months after hospital discharge. Methods: Between February 2020 and May 2020, a total of 273 patients with COVID-19 at the Shenzhen Third People's Hospital were recruited and followed for 6 months after discharge. Chest CT scanning was performed with the patient in the supine position at end-inspiration. A total of 957 chest CT scans was obtained at different timepoints. A semi-quantitative score was used to assess the degree of lung involvement. Results: Most chest CT scans showed bilateral lung involvement with peripheral location at 3 and 6 months follow-up. The most common CT findings were ground-glass opacity and parenchymal band, which were found in 136 (55.3%) and 94 (38.2%) of the 246 patients at 3 months follow-up, and 82 (48.2%) and 76 (44.7%) of 170 patients at 6 months follow-up, respectively. The number of lobes involved and the total CT severity score declined over time. The total CT score gradually increased with the increasement of disease severity at both 3 months follow-up (trend test P < 0.001) and 6 months follow-up (trend test P < 0.001). Patients with different disease severity represented diverse CT patterns over time. Conclusions: The most common CT findings were ground-glass opacity and parenchymal bands at the 3 and 6 months follow-up. Patients with different disease severity represent diverse CT manifestations, indicating the necessary for long-term follow-up monitoring of patients with severe and critical conditions.

The Association Between Dry Eye Disease With Depression, Anxiety and Sleep Disturbance During COVID-19.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dry eye disease (DED) with anxiety and depression. Additionally, the mediating effect of sleep quality on this relationship was explored. Methods: 321 patients with DED were recruited from Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital clinic and surveyed using demographic questionnaires, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Regression analysis and the bootstrap method were used to investigate the influence of sleep on the relationship between DED, anxiety and depression. Results: Among the patients with DED, 86 (26.79%), 85 (26.48%), and 54 (16.82%) patients presented with anxiety, depression, and both anxiety and depression respectively. The OSDI and PSQI score were positively correlated with depression and anxiety (all p < 0.01). The direct effects of OSDI on depression and anxiety were significant (P < 0.01). Additionally, the bootstrap test showed significant mediating effects of subjective sleep quality [95% CI [0.003-0.016] (depression); [0.001-0.011] (anxiety)] and sleep latency [95% CI [0.001-0.010] (depression); [0.001-0.008] (anxiety)]. These results indicated that the severity of DED symptoms, as measured by the OSDI score, affected anxiety and depression through a direct and an indirect pathway mediated by subjective sleep quality and sleep latency. Conclusions: The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between DED and anxiety and depression. Moreover, subjective sleep quality and sleep latency were a mediator of the relationship between DED symptoms and anxiety and depression.

Therapeutic potential of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine: a pharmacological review.

Colchicine is an ancient herbal drug derived from Colchicum autumnale. It was first used to treat familial Mediterranean fever and gout. Based on its unique efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine has been used in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, recurrent pericarditis, vascular restenosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. More recently, colchicine has also shown therapeutic efficacy in alleviating cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. COLCOT and LoDoCo2 are two milestone clinical trials that confirm the curative effect of long-term administration of colchicine in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. There is growing interest in studying the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of colchicine. The anti-inflammatory action of colchicine is mediated mainly through inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. At the cellular level, colchicine inhibits the following: (1) endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation; (2) smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration; (3) macrophage chemotaxis, migration, and adhesion; (4) platelet activation. At the molecular level, colchicine reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and inhibits NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this review, we summarize the current clinical trials with proven curative effect of colchicine in treating cardiovascular diseases. We also systematically discuss the mechanisms of colchicine action in cardiovascular therapeutics. Altogether, colchicine, a bioactive constituent from an ancient medicinal herb, exerts unique anti-inflammatory effects and prominent cardiovascular actions, and will charter a new page in cardiovascular medicine.

Transmission dynamics and successful control measures of SARS-CoV-2 in the mega-size city of Guangzhou, China.

ABSTRACT: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a worldwide pandemic. Control measures differ among countries and have a varying degree of effectiveness, which requires assessment. To evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Guangzhou by 3 periods according to interventions: January 7 to 22 (no intervention), January 23 to February 23 (implemented intensive interventions), and February 24 to May 17 (the normalization mode of COVID-19 prevention and control).We collected the information of 745 COVID-19 patients and their close contacts as well as control measures in Guangzhou from January 7 to May 17, 2020. We estimated the epidemiological characteristics, disease spectrum of COVID-19 cases, key time-to-event intervals, and effective reproduction number over the 3 periods. The basic reproduction number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was also calculated over period 1.Approximately 45.8%, 49.8%, and 4.4% of cases from close contacts were asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe, respectively. The median incubation period was 5.3 days (the percentiles of 2.5-97.5, 1.5-18.4 days) and the median serial interval fitted with gamma distribution was 5.1 days (the percentiles of 2.5-97.5, 0.8-15.9 days). The estimated median of onset-to-quarantined time in Period 1 to 3 were 7.5, 3.4, and 2.9 days (the percentiles of 2.5-97.5, 2.1-14.2, 3.9-14.7, and 6.0-20.0 days) respectively and the median of onset-to-confirmation time in period 1 to 3 were 8.9, 4.9 and 2.4 days (the percentiles of 2.5-97.5, 2.6-16.6, 0.9-14.6, and 0.5-11.8 days). In period 1, the reproduction number was 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.4) and fluctuated below 1.0 before January 22 except for January 14. The effective reproduction number gradually decreased in the period 2 with the lowest point of 0.1 on February 20, then increased again since March 27 and reach a spike of 1.8 on April 12. The number decreased to below 1.0 after April 17 and decreased further to <0.2 after May 7 in the period 3.Under prospective dynamic observation, close contacts turned into infected cases could provide a spectrum of COVID-19 cases from real-world settings. The lockdown of Wuhan and closed-loop management of people arriving Guangzhou were effective in halting the spread of the COVID-19 cases to Guangzhou. The spread of COVID-19 was successfully controlled in Guangzhou by social distancing, wearing a face mask, handwashing, disinfection in key places, mass testing, extensive contact tracing, and strict quarantine of close contacts.

Intelligent financial fraud detection practices in post-pandemic era.

The great losses caused by financial fraud have attracted continuous attention from academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. More concerning, the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) unexpectedly shocks the global financial system and accelerates the use of digital financial services, which brings new challenges in effective financial fraud detection. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of intelligent financial fraud detection practices. We analyze the new features of fraud risk caused by the pandemic and review the development of data types used in fraud detection practices from quantitative tabular data to various unstructured data. The evolution of methods in financial fraud detection is summarized, and the emerging Graph Neural Network methods in the post-pandemic era are discussed in particular. Finally, some of the key challenges and potential directions are proposed to provide inspiring information on intelligent financial fraud detection in the future.

Innate Immunity Evasion Strategies of Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.

In the past two decades, coronavirus (CoV) has emerged frequently in the population. Three CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been identified as highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HP-hCoVs). Particularly, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 warns that HP-hCoVs present a high risk to human health. Like other viruses, HP-hCoVs interact with their host cells in sophisticated manners for infection and pathogenesis. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the interference of HP-hCoVs in multiple cellular processes and their impacts on viral infection. HP-hCoVs employed various strategies to suppress and evade from immune response, including shielding viral RNA from recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), impairing IFN-I production, blocking the downstream pathways of IFN-I, and other evasion strategies. This summary provides a comprehensive view of the interplay between HP-hCoVs and the host cells, which is helpful to understand the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and develop antiviral therapies.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Preschool-Aged Children's Movement Behaviors in Hong Kong: A Longitudinal Analysis of Accelerometer-Measured Data.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many preschool-aged children were forced to remain indoors due to social distancing measures and school closures. In this study, we examined how children's movement behaviors (sedentary behaviors, physical activity, and sleep) were affected by the pandemic. Children's (N = 25, age = 4.4 years, SD = 0.3) movement behaviors were measured before and after the COVID outbreak, respectively. Data collected using accelerometers were analyzed using compositional data analyses. A significant change in the overall time-use composition (F = 5.89, p = 0.002) was found. Results suggested that children spent more time sleeping (8% increase) and in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (16% increase), with less time spent in sedentary behaviors (9% decrease). However, parent reports suggested that children were less active and had more screen time. In conclusion, the current evidence suggests that children's physical activity is not negatively impacted by the pandemic. However, the continuous surveillance of movement behaviors of young children during the pandemic is needed.